Clojure is an important language because it is fast. Code can run as fast as its host platform. Clojure is ubiquitous. It can target the JVM, .NET and javascript.
Clojure is an aesthetic and practical language which has many qualities that you will be interested in. I will point these out upfront and refer to them as we encounter them in a practical context. To facilitate this I will use an acronym PRECISE.
Deterministically understanding what has and will occur, based upon the outcomes of causality. Every action, or cause, produces a reaction, or effect, and every reaction, in turn, becomes the cause of subsequent reactions. The totality of these cascading events can show exactly how the system will exist at any moment in time.
Referential transparency allows the programmer and the compiler to reason about program behavior. This can help the programmer in proving correctness, simplifying an algorithm, modifying code without breaking it. The compiler can optimize code by means of memoization, common subexpression elimination or parallelization. Freedom from a defined order of evaluation is good for expression and reasoning.
Leiningen is an excellent build automation and dependency management tool for the simple configuration of software projects. It is a real pleasure to use. Clojars hosts a wide and well maintained community of libraries. Interop provides convenient access to every Java library out there. Many popular libraries.
Prefer composition over inheritance.
Cut out the compile run test
Quickly test interfaces or ideas
Save repl as test cases
More fun
Modular
Do one thing well
Not intertwined
Philip Wadler of Bell Labs coined the term Expression Problem in an unpublished paper that he circulated by email in 1998 (http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/expression/expression.txt). "The Expression Problem is a new name for an old problem. The goal is to define a datatype by cases, where one can add new cases to the datatype and new functions over the datatype, without recompiling existing code, and while retaining static type safety (e.g., no casts)."
Datatypes
Protocols
Multimethods
Clojure favors uniform interfaces, so it encourages storing structured data in maps
Terseness
DRY
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